entcache

An experimental cache driver for ent with variety of storage options, such as:

1. A context.Context-based cache. Usually, attached to an HTTP request.

2. A driver level cache embedded in the ent.Client. Used to share cache entries on the process level.

3. A remote cache. For example, a Redis database that provides a persistence layer for storing and sharing cache entries between multiple processes.

4. A cache hierarchy, or multi-level cache allows structuring the cache in hierarchical way. For example, a 2-level cache that composed from an LRU-cache in the application memory, and a remote-level cache backed by a Redis database.

Quick Introduction

First, go get the package using the following command.

go get ariga.io/entcache

After installing entcache, you can easily add it to your project with the snippet below:

// Open the database connection.
db, err := sql.Open(dialect.SQLite, "file:ent?mode=memory&cache=shared&_fk=1")
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal("opening database", err)
}
// Decorates the sql.Driver with entcache.Driver.
drv := entcache.NewDriver(db)
// Create an ent.Client.
client := ent.NewClient(ent.Driver(drv))

// Tell the entcache.Driver to skip the caching layer
// when running the schema migration.
if client.Schema.Create(entcache.Skip(ctx)); err != nil {
	log.Fatal("running schema migration", err)
}

// Run queries.
if u, err := client.User.Get(ctx, id); err != nil {
	log.Fatal("querying user", err)
}
// The query below is cached.
if u, err := client.User.Get(ctx, id); err != nil {
	log.Fatal("querying user", err)
}

However, you need to choose the cache storage carefully before adding entcache to your project. The section below covers the different approaches provided by this package.

High Level Design

On a high level, entcache.Driver decorates the Query method of the given driver, and for each call, generates a cache key (i.e. hash) from its arguments (i.e. statement and parameters). After the query is executed, the driver records the raw values of the returned rows (sql.Rows), and stores them in the cache store with the generated cache key. This means, that the recorded rows will be returned the next time the query is executed, if it was not evicted by the cache store.

The package provides a variety of options to configure the TTL of the cache entries, control the hash function, provide custom and multi-level cache stores, evict and skip cache entries. See the full documentation in go.dev/entcache.

Caching Levels

entcache provides several builtin cache levels:

1. A context.Context-based cache. Usually, attached to a request and does not work with other cache levels. It is used to eliminate duplicate queries that are executed by the same request.

2. A driver-level cache used by the ent.Client. An application usually creates a driver per database, and therefore, we treat it as a process-level cache.

3. A remote cache. For example, a Redis database that provides a persistence layer for storing and sharing cache entries between multiple processes. A remote cache layer is resistant to application deployment changes or failures, and allows reducing the number of identical queries executed on the database by different process.

4. A cache hierarchy, or multi-level cache allows structuring the cache in hierarchical way. The hierarchy of cache stores is mostly based on access speeds and cache sizes. For example, a 2-level cache that composed from an LRU-cache in the application memory, and a remote-level cache backed by a Redis database.

Context Level Cache

The ContextLevel option configures the driver to work with a context.Context level cache. The context is usually attached to a request (e.g. *http.Request) and is not available in multi-level mode. When this option is used as a cache store, the attached context.Context carries an LRU cache (can be configured differently), and the driver stores and searches entries in the LRU cache when queries are executed.

This option is ideal for applications that require strong consistency, but still want to avoid executing duplicate database queries on the same request. For example, given the following GraphQL query:

query($ids: [ID!]!) {
    nodes(ids: $ids) {
        ... on User {
            id
            name
            todos {
                id
                owner {
                    id
                    name
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

A naive solution for resolving the above query will execute, 1 for getting N users, another N queries for getting the todos of each user, and a query for each todo item for getting its owner (read more about the N+1 Problem).

However, Ent provides a unique approach for resolving such queries(read more in Ent website) and therefore, only 3 queries will be executed in this case. 1 for getting N users, 1 for getting the todo items of all users, and 1 query for getting the owners of all todo items.

With entcache, the number of queries may be reduced to 2, as the first and last queries are identical (see code example).

Usage In GraphQL

In order to instantiate an entcache.Driver in a ContextLevel mode and use it in the generated ent.Client use the following configuration.

db, err := sql.Open(dialect.SQLite, "file:ent?mode=memory&cache=shared&_fk=1")
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal("opening database", err)
}
drv := entcache.NewDriver(db, entcache.ContextLevel())
client := ent.NewClient(ent.Driver(drv))

Then, when a GraphQL query hits the server, we wrap the request context.Context with an entcache.NewContext.

srv.AroundResponses(func(ctx context.Context, next graphql.ResponseHandler) *graphql.Response {
	if op := graphql.GetOperationContext(ctx).Operation; op != nil && op.Operation == ast.Query {
		ctx = entcache.NewContext(ctx)
	}
	return next(ctx)
})

That's it! Your server is ready to use entcache with GraphQL, and a full server example exits in examples/ctxlevel.

Middleware Example

An example of using the common middleware pattern in Go for wrapping the request context.Context with an entcache.NewContext in case of GET requests.

srv.Use(func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		if r.Method == http.MethodGet {
			r = r.WithContext(entcache.NewContext(r.Context()))
		}
		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	})
})

Driver Level Cache

A driver-based level cached stores the cache entries on the ent.Client. An application usually creates a driver per database (i.e. sql.DB), and therefore, we treat it as a process-level cache. The default cache storage for this option is an LRU cache with no limit and no TTL for its entries, but can be configured differently.

Create a default cache driver, with no limit and no TTL.

db, err := sql.Open(dialect.SQLite, "file:ent?mode=memory&cache=shared&_fk=1")
if err != nil {
	log.Fatal("opening database", err)
}
drv := entcache.NewDriver(db)
client := ent.NewClient(ent.Driver(drv))

Set the TTL to 1s.

drv := entcache.NewDriver(drv, entcache.TTL(time.Second))
client := ent.NewClient(ent.Driver(drv))

Limit the cache to 128 entries and set the TTL to 1s.

drv := entcache.NewDriver(
    drv,
    entcache.TTL(time.Second),
    entcache.Levels(entcache.NewLRU(128)),
)
client := ent.NewClient(ent.Driver(drv))

Remote Level Cache

A remote-based level cache is used to share cached entries between multiple processes. For example, a Redis database. A remote cache layer is resistant to application deployment changes or failures, and allows reducing the number of identical queries executed on the database by different processes. This option plays nicely the multi-level option below.

Multi Level Cache

A cache hierarchy, or multi-level cache allows structuring the cache in hierarchical way. The hierarchy of cache stores is mostly based on access speeds and cache sizes. For example, a 2-level cache that compounds from an LRU-cache in the application memory, and a remote-level cache backed by a Redis database.

rdb := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
    Addr: ":6379",
})
if err := rdb.Ping(ctx).Err(); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
drv := entcache.NewDriver(
    drv,
    entcache.TTL(time.Second),
    entcache.Levels(
        entcache.NewLRU(256),
        entcache.NewRedis(rdb),
    ),
)
client := ent.NewClient(ent.Driver(drv))

Future Work

There are a few features we are working on, and wish to work on, but need help from the community to design them properly. If you are interested in one of the tasks or features below, do not hesitate to open an issue, or start a discussion on GitHub or in Ent Slack channel.

1. Add a Memcache implementation for a remote-level cache.
2. Support for smart eviction mechanism based on SQL parsing.